List of all agents

(Links are leading to plates in german language without pictures, except table 322)		 about "Diseases and pests on trees in urban environments"

Tables are in numerically ordered by the categories microfungi, bacteria & epiphytes (Table numbers 100), macrofungi (Table numbers 200), insects (Table numbers 300), abiotic agents (Table numbers 400), damages by higher plants (Table numbers 500) and vertebrates (Table numbers 600).

Damage by

Host

Damaging agent

Damage to

Comments
100 Dutch Elm Disease Elms Fungi Stem, branches Vessels plugged, disease begins on single branches
101 Coral Spot -Disease Deciduous trees Fungi Stem, branches Orange-red pustules on bark surface, diseased parts dying off
102 Lirula - needle cast of Spruce Spruce Fungi Needles Yellowish or violet discoloration of needles, black fruiting bodies
103 Didymascella - leaf blight of Cedar Thuja spp. Fungi Needles Scales brown discolored, dieback
104 Maple Leaf Scorch Maples Fungi Leaves Black pustules on leaves
105 Willow Anthracnosis Willows Fungi Leaves, branches Brown spots on leaves, lesions on 1 to 2-year shoots
106 Asteroma - Leaf Spot of Hornbeam Hornbeam Fungi Leaves Dark leaf spots, with diffuse border
107 Juniper Stem Rust Pear, Juniper Fungi Leaves, stem, branches Pear: orange-red leaf spots; Juniper: yellow-orange outgrowths on branches and stem
108 Chestnut Blight Sweet chestnuts, rarely oaks Fungi Stem, branches Small to very large bark lesions with small, orange to red spore pustules
109 Bacterial Canker of Ash Ash Bacterium Stem, branches Knot-like cankers, up to fist sized
110 Leaf Blotch of Walnut Walnuts, other species of Juglans Fungi Leaves Dark spots on leaves
111 Powdery Mildew of Deciduous Trees Deciduous trees Fungi Leaves Whitish spots or coatings on the leaf surface
112 Phacidium - Bark Disease Douglas fir, True firs, other conifers Fungi Stem Bark necroses, dieback of branches
113 Bacterial Milk Flux Birch, Beech, Hornbeam, other deciduous trees Colonisation of sap exudates by bacteria and yeasts Stem Red slime-flux on the stem surface or below wounds
114 Venturia - Leaf and Shoot Blights of Poplars Aspen, other poplars Fungi Leaves, branches Shoots and leaves discolored and shrivelled
115 Phytophthora - Root and Root Collar Diseases Numerous woody plants, chiefly Horse-chestnut and other deciduous trees Fungi Stem Exudation of dark sap from the stem, bark necroses, yellowing of the crown
116 Anthracnose of Plane Planes Fungi Leaves Dark leaf spots, rarely dieback of shoots and twigs
117 Guignardia - Leaf Blotch Horse-chestnut Fungi Leaves Red-brown spots on the leaves
118 Cryptodiaporthe - Canker of Poplars
(Dothichiza-Disease)		 Poplars Fungi Branches, stem Sunken bark lesions, cracking of bark surface, death of parts of the crown
119 Sphaeropsis - Blight of Conifers
(Cenangium - Dieback of Pine)		 Pines, rarely other conifers
 Fungi Branches Dieback of branches, needles red-brown
120 Chrysomyxa - Needle Rust of Spruce Spruces Fungi Needles Yellow, distinctly bordered cross-bands on needles
121 Perennial Nectria - Canker, European Canker Beech, Horse-chestnut, Fruit trees, other deciduous trees Fungi Stem Cankers on the stem
122 Nectria bark disease Deciduous trees Fungi Branches, stem Die-off of bark areas, cankers
123 Pine Needle Rust Pines Fungi Needles Yellow spots on needles, orange-red spore bearing structures
124 Leaf Rust of Poplars Poplars Fungi Leaves Yellow-orange spots on the lower leaf surface
125 Dothistroma - Needle Blight of Pine, Red band - disease Pines Fungi Needles Brown cross-bands on needles, 1mm in size, sometimes reddish
126 Lophodermium -needle cast of Pine Pines Fungi Needles Yellow, later brown spots on needles, finally black pustules
127 Lecanosticta - Needle cast of Pine, Brown spot disease Pines Fungi Needles Younger needles totally or partially (distal half of the needle) yellow, often shorter, brown cross-bands
128 Bud Blight of Spruce Spruces Fungi Buds Buds die during budburst, later on dark coal-like coating
129 Cryptodiaporthe - canker of Sweet Chestnut, Javart disease Sweet chestnut Fungi Branches, stem Red-brown, sunken lesions with blackish pustules, later cracks
130 Sirococcus-Blight of Conifers Spruces Fungi Branches Developing shoots bending down, brown, finally black fruiting bodies
131 Grey Mould, Botrytis blight Spruces Fungi Branches Developing shoots hanging down, greyish-brown, white spore-pustules
132 Phyllosticta - leaf spot of Paulownia Paulownia Fungi Leaves Roundish, yellow-brown to grey leaf spots
133 Hornbeam-Anthracnosis Hornbeam Fungi Leaves Large leaf-spots, grey-brown, with dark border
134 Stigmina - shot hole disease of cherry Prunus spp. Fungi Leaves, branches Leaves: red spots, distinctly bordered, later on falling out; shoots: reddish bark necroses, sometimes rubber flow
135 Stegonsporium - shoot dieback of Maple, Stegonsporium canker Acer spp. Fungi Branches Bark of shoots yellow-brown, with black roundish dots
136 Needle diseases of Spruce Spruces Fungi Needles Red-brown to yellowish needle discoloration, mainly of older needles
137 Epiphytes - algae, fungi, lichens All tree species Fungi Stem, branches, needles Crust-like, flat coatings on the bark surface
138 Beech Anthracnose Beech Fungi Leaves Brown spots
139 Lophodermium pinastri Pines Fungi Needles Cross-bands, small black shining spots
140 Phloeospora - Leaf spot disease of Elm Elms Fungi Leaves Pale green, later yellow-brown leaf spots
141 Larch canker Larch Fungi Stem, branches Bark cankers, later small fruiting bodies
142 Fire blight Apple, Pear, Sorbus, pomoid Rosaceae Bacterium Stem, branches Wilting, bacterial efflux
143 Sooty mould All tree species Fungi Needles, leaves, branches Coal-like coatings, which can be removed easily
144 Diplodina -leaf spots of maples Acer spp. Fungi Leaves Leaf spots about 1cm, roundish
145 Kabatina - Blight of Thuja Thuja species Fungi Needles Shoot tips brown, dieback
146 Entomosporium - leaf spots of Pomoideae Pear,Quince, Medlar, pomoid Rosaceae Fungi Leaves Red to red-brown spots
200 Phellinus pomaceus Sweet cherry, plum Fungi Stem, branches Orange-brown to brown, woody fruiting bodies
201 Split gill Deciduous trees Fungi Stem, branches Small, greywhite fruiting bodies
202 Yellow spongy rot Deciduous trees Fungi Stem, branches Large fruiting bodies, upper side felty, brown-red to black
203 Tinder Fungus Deciduous trees Fungi Stem, branches Large, greywhite, woody fruiting bodies
204 Chicken of the Woods Deciduous trees, rarely on larch Fungi Stem, branches White-yellow to orange-yellow fruiting bodies, soft
205 Honey Fungus Nearly all tree species Fungi Stem Resin flow, white mycelial fans, later black strands below bark surface
206 Saddle-back Fungus, Dryad`s Saddle Deciduous trees Fungi Stem, branches Kidney to fan shaped fruiting bodies, yellow scales on the surface
207 Birch polypore, Birch conk Birch Fungi Stem, branches Greywhite to greybrown, woody fruiting bodies
208 Coal Fungus, Ustulina rot Deciduous trees, especially limes and beech Fungi Stem, branches Crust-like coating (=fruiting bodies)
209 Oudemansiella mucida, O. radicata Deciduous trees, beech Fungi Stem, branches Whitish or brownish fruiting bodies, soft
210 False tinder Fungus Deciduous trees, conifers Fungi Stem, branches Brown, bracket-like, woody fruiting bodies
211 Artist`s conk Deciduous trees, rarely on conifers Fungi Stem, branches Light to brown fruiting bodies, commonly covered with ferruginous spore dust
212 Ganoderma root rot Oaks, beech, rarely on other deciduous trees Fungi Stem, branches Redbrown, shining fruiting bodies
213 Velvet-top Fungus Pines, other conifers, rarely on deciduous trees Fungi Stem Orange-yellow fruiting bodies
214 Hyphoderma radula Sweet cherries, deciduous trees, rarely on conifers Fungi Stem, branches Whitish fruiting bodies with toothed surface
215 Beefsteak Fungus Oaks Fungi Stem, branches Dark red, fleshy fruiting bodies
216 Pycnoporus cinnabarinus Sweet cherry, birch, other deciduous trees, rarely on conifers Fungi Stem, branches Orange-red to cinnabar red, woody fruiting bodies
217 "Hen of the woods" Deciduous trees, mainly oaks Fungi Stem, branches Fruiting bodies consist of numerous grey-brown caps growing from a common stipe
218 Giant Polypore Deciduous trees, especially beech, rarely on conifers Fungi Stem Fruiting bodies consist of numerous yellow-brown caps growing from a common stipe
219 Collybia fusipes Oaks, rarely other deciduous trees Fungi Stem White rot of roots and stem
220 Thin Maze Polypore Alders, willows, other deciduous trees Fungi Stem, branches Brown,flat,bracket-like zonated fruiting bodies,when young reddish discolored upon leasure
221 Maze-gill Oaks, rarely sweet chestnut and other deciduous trees Fungi Stem, branches Grey brown,corky,nearly palm-sized fruiting bodies,below with thick labyrinthic gills
222 Hairy turkey tail Deciduous trees Fungi Stem Flat brackets, often in high numbers densely above each other
300 Great spruce bark beetle Spruce, fir Insect Stem Violet-red resin packed tubes at the stem base, resin flow
301 Hornet clear-wing moth Poplars Insect Stem Oval holes at the stem base
302 Sycamore lace bug Plane trees Insect Leaves Vein clearing, black crumbs of feces near the veins
303 Bark beetles Deciduous trees, conifers Insect Branches, stem Bore holes, resin flow, galleries below bark surface
304 Beech Buprestid Beech, oak, alder, lime Insect Branches, stem Zigzag winding galleries below bark surface
305 Cockchafer Deciduous trees, chiefly oaks, rarely conifers Insect Leaves Leaves eaten from the rim
306 Oak processionary moth Oaks Insect Leaves Leaves eaten
307 Broadleaved pinhole borer Maples, oaks, ashes, other deciduous trees Insect Branches Round bore holes, galleries in the wood
308 Gall mites on leaves of Linden Limes Mite Leaves Growth disorders, galls on leaves
309 Gall mites on leaves of maples Maples Mite Leaves Growth disorders, galls on leaves
310 Gall mites on shoots and branches Maples Mite Branches Galls on one to two year old shoots
311 Thuja and juniper bark beetles Thuja spp., juniper Insect Branches, stem Branches mined, egg galleries below bark surface
312 Black vine weevil, cyclamen weevil Yews and other conifers Insect Needles, branches Needles eaten from the rim, occasionally shoots eaten
313 Conifer spinning mite Spruces, other conifers Mite Needles Damages by sucking mites
314 Willow gall-midge Willows, white poplar Insect Branches, stem Larval galleries below bark surface
315 Robinia leaf mining moths Black locust Insect Leaves Mines in the leaves
316 Leopard moth Deciduous trees, especially willows, ornamental and fruit trees Insect Branches, stem Branches and thin stems are mined
317 Poplar spiral-gall aphid Poplars, mainly Populus nigra "italica” Insect Leaves Leaf petiole with gall
318 Plane leaf mining moth Plane trees Insect Leaves Mines in the leaves
319 Pine shoot beetles Pines Insect Branches, stem Branches are mined, galleries in the phloem
320 Large and small poplar longhorned beetle Poplars, willows Insect Branches, stem Larvae feeding below bark surface and in the wood
321 Beech smooth-pouch-gall midge Beech Insect Leaves Galls on leaves
322 American Thuja shoot moth, Thuja mining moth Thuja spp., false cypress Insect Branches Shoots mined
323 Gregarious spruce sawfly Norway spruce, Colorado blue spruce Insect Needles Needles eaten
324 Ash inflorescence gall mite Ashes Mite Blossoms Flowering shoots changed into cauliflower-like structures
325 Spruce pineapple-gall aphids Norway spruce, other spruces, larch Insect Branches Pineapple-like galls, shoot dieback
326 Fir aphids Firs Insect Needles Distortion and browning of needles
327 Leaf weevils Spruces, firs, other conifers, deciduous trees Insect Needles, leaves Needles or leaves eaten
328 Ermine moths Cherries, deciduous trees Insect Leaves Leaves eaten, large webs
329 Spider mites on deciduous trees Deciduous trees, especially limes and horse-chestnut Mite Leaves Damages by sucking, yellowing of leaves
330 Horse chestnut mining moth Horse-chesnut, rarely sycamore maple Insect Leaves Mines in the leaves
331 Buprestids on deciduous trees Deciduous trees, especially beech, oaks, maples, limes Insect Branches, stem Larvae feed in the bark and in the wood
332 Beech leaf-mining weevil Beech Insect Leaves Leaves eaten (beetles), leaves mined (larvae)
333 Larch woolly aphid Larch Insect Needles Needles snapped, damages by sucking aphids
334 Honeylocust gall midge Honeylocust Insect Leaves Galls on leaves and leaf stipes
335 Larch casebearer Larch Insect Needles Needles mined
336 Fox-colored sawfly Pines Insect Needles Needles eaten (only previous years’ needles)
337 Goat moth Deciduous trees, especially poplars, willows, alders Insect Stem Mines by larvae in the lowest section of the trunk
338 Leaf beetles Deciduous trees, especially poplars, willows, alders Insect Leaves Leaves eaten, finally skeletonized
339 Osier weevil Deciduous trees, especially alders, poplars and willows Insect Branches, stem Larvae mining branches and thin stems
340 Green spruce aphid Spruces, especially Colorado blue spruce and Sitka spruce Insect Needles Damages by sucking aphids
341 Oak slug sawfly, oak slugworm (larva) Limes, other deciduous trees, especially oaks and maples Insect Leaves Larvae feeding on leaf surfaces, later skeletonizing the leaves
342 Pine shoot moth Pines Insect Buds Larvae mining buds, branching anomalies, ”posthorn” stem distortion
343 Gypsy Moth Oaks, rarely beech, hazel, hornbeam, sweet chestnut and other deciduous trees Insect Leaves Larvae feeding on leaves
344 Ash bark beetles Ashes Insect Branches, stem Galleries below bark surface, bark cankers
345 Fir bark beetles Firs Insect Branches, stem Galleries below bark surface
346 Mottled umber moth Oaks, birches, cherries, elms and other deciduous trees Insect Leaves Larvae feeding on leaves
347 Winter moth, Northern winter moth Hornbeam, oaks, beeches, birches and many fruit trees Insect Leaves Larvae feeding on leaves
348 Elm leaf gall aphid Elm Insect Leaves Shortly stalked galls green to brown
349 Shoot and bark aphids Spruces, other conifers and deciduous trees Insect Branches, stem Sucking damages on the bark
350 Spruce bell moth Spruces, especially Norway spruce Insect Needles Needles mined, loose webs
351 Pine sawflies, Spruce sawflies Austrian black pine, Scots pine, mountain pine, other pines and spruces Insect Needles Larvae feed on needles, webs
352 Gall wasps Deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly on oaks Insect Leaves, branches, fruits, buds Outgrowths, growth anomalies, galls
353 Spruce bark beetles Spruces, other conifers Insect Branches, stem Galleries below bark surface
355 Lime leaf gall midge Limes Insect Leaves Galls
356 Juniper Mining Moths Juniperus, Thuja, Chamaecyparis Insect Branches Shoots mined
357 Blue Pine Buprestid and Pissodes Pine weevils Pines, mostly Scots pine Insect Branches, stem Galleries below bark surface
358 Oak Eggar Oaks, other deciduous trees and shrubs, conifers Insect Leaves, needles Needles or leaves eaten
359 Asian Longhorned Beetle Deciduous trees, especially maples, poplars, planes and horse-chestnut Insect Branches, stem Larvae feed in bark and wood
360 Browntail moth Oaks,various deciduous trees and shrubs, especially hawthorn Insect Leaves Larvae feed on leaves
361 Leafhoppers Deciduous trees, especially maples, limes, hornbeam, poplars Insect Leaves White to yellowish fine mottling on leaf surface
362 Dwarf spruce bell moth, green spruce leafminer Spuces, mainly Norway spruce Insect Needles Needles mined, eaten, webs
363 Scarce Vapourer Deciduous trees, conifers, especially Norway spruce Insect Buds, needles, leaves Buds, needles or leaves eaten
400 Mechanical bark injuries All trees, especially those with thin bark Abiotic Stem, branches Mechanical bark injuries
401 Damages by misapplied pesticides All tree species Abiotic Needles, leaves Corrosive damages on needles/leaves
402 Lightning damages All tree species Abiotic Stem, branches Furrow running down branches and stem
403 Frost cracks, frost ´seams` All tree species Abiotic Stem Longitudinal crack on the stem along the direction of the vessels
404 Elevation of the grade All tree species Abiotic Stem Leaves reduced in size due to elevation of the soil grade around the tree base, rot, death of the trees
405 Nutrient deficiency damages All tree species Abiotic Needles, leaves Discolorations and necroses due to nutrient deficiencies
406 Gummosis Deciduous trees, especially stone-fruit Prunus-species Abiotic, Bacterium, Fungi Stem, branches Amber-like gummy-masses emerging from bark surface
407 Drought - drought damages All tree species, especially birches, sycamore, hornbeam, alders, spruces, larches Abiotic Leaves, needles, branches Necroses of the leaf edges, rolling up of leaves, top dieback
408 Road de-icing salt damages, Chlorine damages All tree species Abiotic Leaves, needles Discoloration of needles/leaves, necroses of the leaf edges, premature shedding of leaves/needles
409 Damages by spring frost Persian walnut, fruit trees, black locust and many other tree species Abiotic Leaves, needles, buds, stem, branches Discoloration of needles/leaves, death of buds and shoots, top dieback
410 Damage by Ozone Conifers and deciduous trees, especially ashes, beech, tree-of-heaven and tulip tree Abiotic Leaves, needles Yellow to reddish, fine mottling, stippling of needles/leaves, or bronzed areas on leaves
411 Mechanical injuries by tree ties, staking and other tree-stabilizing-mechanisms All tree species Abiotic Stem, branches Bark injuries, resin - or exudate-flow, canker-like protuberances
412 Injuries due to construction work All tree species Abiotic Leaves, needles, stem, branches Bark damages, discoloration of needles/leaves, death of the tree
413 Soil compaction and soil sealing All tree species Abiotic Leaves, needles, stem, branches Thinning of the crown, discoloration of needles/leaves, death of parts of the crown
414 Damages by inappropriate planting All tree species Abiotic Leaves, needles, stem, branches discoloration of needles/leaves,stunted growth,swelling at the stem base,sudden death of the whole plant
500 Mistletoe Firs, Scots pine, Austrian black pine, poplars, limes, maples and others Higher plant Branches Dense shrubby plant in the crown
501 Loranthus europaeus Oaks Higher plant Branches Shrubby plant in the crown, in winter without leaves
600 Red squirrel Conifers and deciduous trees Vertebrate Branches Twigs bitten off, parts of the bark hanging down, shoots are girdled
601 Damages by rodents All tree species Vertebrate Braches, stem Patches of bark bitten off
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